Archive for year: 2023
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Open in new tab Embracing a Wider Scope for TReDS
Transfer of Factoring Units to come under the purview of TLE in lieu of the regulator’s move to enhance TReDs Platform
– Anita Baid, Vice President | finserv@vinodkothari.com
The concept of Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS) was introduced by RBI to enable discounting of invoices of MSME sellers against large corporates, including government departments and public sector undertakings, through an auction mechanism to ensure prompt realisation of trade receivables at competitive market rates.
| TReDS transactions fall under the umbrella of “factoring business.” Factoring is a financial practice where a company sells its trade receivables, or outstanding invoices, to a third party at a discount in exchange for immediate cash. TReDS platforms provide a digital infrastructure for facilitating such transactions, enabling efficient invoice discounting and promoting liquidity for MSMEs.(Our FAQs on TReDS and the India Factoring Report 2023 can be read here and here) |
In a move to further strengthen the TReDS and promote smoother financial transactions, the RBI has announced significant enhancements to the TReDS guidelines. These enhancements are in line with the announcement made by RBI in the Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies dated February 8, 2023, to address certain challenges faced by financiers while bidding for low-rated buyers’ payables on TReDS platforms. (Our article on the same can be read here)
This article intends to discuss the RBI notification dated June 7, 2023 on Expanding the Scope of Trade Receivables Discounting System, introducing the said enhancements.
Read more →FAQs on Default Loss Guarantee in Digital Lending
An understanding of the Guidelines issued by RBI
(Updated as on April 29, 2024)
Team Finserv | finserv@vinodkothari.com
On September 02, 2022, the RBI issued the “Guidelines on Digital Lending” (“DL Guidelines”), which had essentially put a bar on “Loss sharing/ structured default guarantee arrangements” such as First Loss Default Guarantees, likening their nature to that of “synthetic securitisation” as defined under the Master Direction – Reserve Bank of India (Securitisation of Standard Assets) Directions, 2021 (“SSA Directions”). This caused a disruption in the digital lending industry as most of the arrangements ran on some form of loss-sharing arrangement. (Refer to our FAQs on the Digital Lending Guidelines here)
In its Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies dated June 8, 2023, the RBI announced its intention to issue a regulatory framework for permitting Default Loss Guarantee arrangements in Digital Lending[1]. The same day, the Guidelines on Default Loss Guarantee (DLG) in Digital Lending have been issued by the regulator (‘DLG Guidelines’).
We have developed a set of FAQs on the DLG Guidelines, where we intend to answer some of the critical questions relating to the default guarantee arrangements. The FAQs were updated based the RBI FAQs on DLG Guidelines (‘RBI FAQs) issued on Apr 26, 2024.
Read more →RBI to release guidelines to permit default guarantees
The evolution of a concept, from its inception to being prohibited, and ultimately establishing a regulatory framework to allow its practice
– Anita Baid (finserv@vinodkothari.com)
The concept of First Loss Default Guarantees (FLDGs) in the financial industry has experienced a remarkable journey, marked by its inception, subsequent prohibition, and eventually being on the verge of a resurgence with the introduction of a regulatory framework. It had gained significant attention in the realm of fintech industry, whose remarkable expansion in India is largely responsible for propelling FLDGs. Nevertheless, it is essential to note that guarantees are not a novel concept; they have been widely employed in the financial sector for a considerable period of time. (Our article on ‘Lending without risk and risk without lending’ can be read here)
In its Statement on Developmental and Regulatory Policies dated June 8, 2023, the RBI has announced its intention to issue a regulatory framework for permitting Default Loss Guarantee arrangements in Digital Lending. This article delves into the intriguing evolution of Structured Default Guarantees, examining their rise, fall, and subsequent rebirth, shedding light on the regulatory landscape that has shaped their existence.
Read more →Samagrata – April, 2023
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GoAir Insolvency: Lessors’ rights gone in thin air?
– Financial Services Division, finserv@vinodkothari.com
A Special Bench of NCLT, New Delhi admitted the insolvency of Go Airlines (India) Ltd, popularly known as GoAir, on the 10th May 2023. The insolvency was admitted on an application of the company itself, on the ground of a self-admitted default of Rs. 11.03 crores towards interest to financial creditors, out of a pile of debt, that is, Rs. 2660 cr towards aircraft lessors and Rs. 1202 cr towards its vendors. The application was admitted in the face of strong opposition by the financial creditors and the lessors of aircrafts taken on lease by the company.
Subsequently, on an appeal before the NCLAT, the appellate forum affirmed the order of the NCLT, rejecting the contention that the filing of the insolvency application was malicious. The matter may still be taken up to higher or other forums, but in the meantime, there are question marks on India as a favoured jurisdiction for aircraft leasing. Aircraft lessors need certainty as to the exercise of their rights over the leased aircraft in the event of a lessee default, and the Cape Town Convention (CTC), signed under the auspices of UNIDROIT way back in 2021, is a set of minimum assurances that the countries signing that convention have provided to aircraft lessors. The question is, India having actually been a signatory to the Convention, is it okay to have stayed the rights of the lessors by way of a moratorium during the entire period of insolvency resolution?
Read more →Vehicle financiers must follow SARFAESI process for repossession: Patna High Court
Ruling holds self-help repossession as a breach of the borrower’s fundamental rights of livelihood and dignity
– Vinod Kothari, finserv@vinodkothari.com
Repossession of vehicles (from two-wheelers to four-wheelers), in case of borrowers’ defaults, has been done almost entirely using common law process, on the strength of the provisions of the hypothecation agreement. The roughly Rs 500000 crores auto finance market in India, including financing of passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles, rarely makes use of the process of SARFAESI Act for repossession of vehicles from defaulting borrowers, even though most of the NBFCs and all of the banks are authorised to make use of the process.
However, a recent Patna High Court, from a single judge of the Court[1], holds that since hypothecation is a “security interest” on the vehicle, the use of the process of the SARFAESI Act is mandatory, and any repossession action not adhering to the process of that Act is illegal. The Court has gone to the extent of ordaining all banks and NBFCs in the State to return the repossessed vehicles which are either not sold or are traceable to the borrowers on payment of 30% of the due amount, and in case of those vehicles which are not traceable or returnable, it permits the petitioners to seek compensation. It has simultaneously directed the Police to investigate and register cases of use of force or illegal tactics in repossession.
Read more →Digital lending Balloon: Navigating the path to growth
-Dayita Kanodia, Executive finserv@vinodkothari.com
“Ignoring technological change in a financial system based upon technology is like a mouse starving to death because someone moved their cheese.” – Chris Skinner[1]
Unprecedented growth of the sector
From pawnbrokers lending money in exchange for collateral to the use of sophisticated technologies to carry out credit underwriting, the landscape of lending business has evolved significantly in the last century. Today, it is hard to find a financial institution which is carrying on business without digitising any aspect of its lending process. With rapid advancements in cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, as well as faster and more affordable internet connectivity, it is safe to say that the brick and mortar model for lending business will soon be a matter of the past.
The Global Digital Lending Market is valued at USD 11.33 Billion in the year 2022 and is anticipated to reach a value of USD 30.77 Billion by the year 2030. [2]
Read more →NCLAT gives a go signal to the Go Airlines insolvency application
– Neha Malu, Senior Executive & Tanay Dubey, Legal Intern | resolution@vinodkothari.com
Background
In India, airline companies prefer acquiring aircrafts through lease rather than buying them. According to a report released by PwC, as of 2018, around 80% of India’s commercial aircrafts are leased, much more than the global average of leased commercial aircrafts as compared to commercial aircrafts in use, 53%. According to the report, airlines prefer leasing aircrafts predominantly due to two reasons: first, the lower overall cost of leasing which allows the airlines company to spend available capital on giving price advantage to the price sensitive customers in India and; second, because of the shorter fleet replacement cycles, leasing aircrafts provides airlines an option to quickly increase or decrease the capacity, thereby keeping the fleet younger.
Go Airlines, an ultra-low-cost airline, possesses a fleet of 54 aircraft, with the majority obtained through leasing arrangements with different aircraft lessor companies. Unfortunately, the airline is currently facing financial difficulties caused by the non-delivery of engines from Pratt and Whitney (P&W), a US-based jet engine manufacturer. As a result, they have been compelled to ground over 50 planes. Due to concerns about the feasibility of the CIRP and the airline’s revival, the lessors want to recover their aircrafts from the airline.
Go Airlines (‘Corporate Applicant’) has been defaulting towards the aircrafts lessors, vendors, and financial creditors from 2022 onwards. In order to keep the company as a going concern and retain the possession of leased aircrafts, the Corporate Applicant filed an application under Section 10 of Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (‘IBC’). The umbrella of moratorium was opened for Go Airlines after its voluntary application for resolution under section 10 of IBC was admitted by the NCLT leading to a complete prohibition on transfer of any of the leased aircrafts which were in possession of Go Airlines as on the date of admission of the CIRP application. In the present case, though the lessors of the aircrafts had terminated the lease agreement days before the admission of the CIRP application by NCLT, the possession remained to be transferred to the lessor as on the date of admission.
An appeal was preferred by the lessors against the order of the NCLT contending that the said application was filed with fraudulent and malicious intent. Further, the lessors were not given the notice providing for an opportunity of hearing before admitting the application. In addition to this, given the fact that the lease agreement was cancelled by the lessor prior to the admission of CIRP application, the Corporate Applicant has no legal right to claim possession and moratorium under Section 14(1)(d) of IBC on the assets of the lessor.
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