Regulating ESG Rating Providers in India

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– SEBI approves regulations for ERPs through amendments to CRA Regulations

– Payal Agarwal, Deputy Manager (payal@vinodkothari.com)

As ESG and climate change concerns assume global priority, there is a growing interest among businesses to claim their offerings, products or structures to be green.  This  growing interest of a variety of stakeholders has led to the emergence of ESG Rating Providers (“ERPs”) for ranking an entity’s ESG profile, providing “green” or other coloured labels, or giving other affirmations as sustainability or sustainable-linkage. Unlike credit ratings, ESG ratings are currently not within the direct domain of securities regulators; however, to the extent ESG ratings relate to securities offerings or financial products, the securities regulators claim to have jurisdiction., he International Organization of Securities Commissions (“IOSCO”) has been working towards evolving recommendatory standards. IOSCO published its final report on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Ratings and Data Products Providers (“IOSCO Consultation Report”) in November, 2021.

Following the same, SEBI released a consultation paper on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Rating Providers for Securities Markets (“ERPs Consultation Paper”) on 24th January, 2022, and on the basis of the public consultation as well as global regulatory developments, had proposed a draft regulatory framework for ERPs (“Draft ERP Framework”) on 22nd February, 2023. Recently, on 29th March, 2023, SEBI has approved to bring a regulatory framework for ERPs in India, by inserting a new chapter to the existing SEBI (Credit Rating Agencies) Regulations, 1999 (“CRA Regulations”).

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Consultation Paper on ESG Disclosures, Ratings and Investing by Mutual Funds

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– Payal Agarwal & Shreya Salampuria | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

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SEBI revises framework for green debt securities

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– Alignment with international standards and avoidance of greenwashing

– Payal Agarwal and Shreya Salampuria | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

Sustainability labeled bonds, more popularly known as GSS+ bonds, are looked upon as one of the primary means of raising funds towards sustainable development. The same has been discussed in Sustainable finance and GSS+ bonds: State of the Market and Developments. India is also not oblivious to the concept of GSS+ bonds, and companies in India have also been issuing such bonds, in one or more forms.

The issuance of green debt securities (“GDS”) in India was initially formalized through a circular issued  by SEBI in 2017 in this regard, later absorbed under the SEBI (Issue and Listing of Non-Convertible Securities) Regulations, 2021 (“ILNCS Regulations”) read with Chapter IX of the Operational Circular on the same. The regulatory framework for GDS in India has since been reviewed, and following a Consultation Paper on Green and Blue Bonds as a mode of Sustainable Finance (“Consultation Paper”) dated 4th August, 2022, SEBI, in its meeting dated 20th December, 2022 (“Board Meeting”) has approved amendments to the existing regulatory framework for GDS issuance. The press release of the Board Meeting reads as “in the backdrop of increasing interest in sustainable finance in India as well as around the globe, and with a view to align the extant framework for green debt securities with the updated  Green  Bond  Principles (GBP) recognised by IOSCO, SEBI undertook a review of the regulatory framework for green debt securities.”

Pursuant to the review of the regulatory framework for GDS, the following has been notified –

In this write-up, we intend to discuss the revised regulatory framework for GDS issuance in India.

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India’s “green growth”: is the green skin-deep?

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– Payal Agarwal, Deputy Manager | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

Talking about green growth may seem like rhetoric. From policy-makers to economists, from corporate governance experts to environmentalists, everyone seems to be having “green growth” on the top of the agenda.

The Economic Survey dedicated a full chapter to climate change and related issues. The Budget also has green growth as one of the seven saptarishis, to guide the FM’s plans for our financial future.

Need of the hour

India has been taking small steps towards reaching its commitment to the net-zero emissions goal by 2070, as compared to a majority of countries committing to reach the net-zero targets by 2050. While the country contributes to a very low percentage of global emissions (only 4% of the cumulative global emissions from the period 1850-2019[1]), the global nature of the problem of climate change is what makes the country equally vulnerable to the problem, if not more. Further, given its long coastline, monsoon-dependent agriculture, and large agrarian economy, India is considered to be one of the most vulnerable countries to the climate change issue[2].

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As social stock exchanges seem imminent, auditors get ready with social audit standards

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ICAI and ICSI issue social audit standards

– Sharon Pinto & Kaushal Shah (corplaw@vinodkothari.com)

Background

As we understand, the concept of Social Stock Exchanges (‘SSEs’) have been brought under the regulatory purview of Securities and Exchange Board of India (‘SEBI’) for listing and raising of capital by Social Enterprises, the details of which can be read in our article Social stock exchanges: philanthropy on the bourses as well as our other resources linked with the concept of SSEs and social sectors.

Social Enterprises are defined under regulation 292A (h) of the SEBI (ICDR) Regulations, 2018 (‘ICDR Regulations’) and are expected to be engaged in the specified activities provided therein. With the objective to assess the impact created by such social activities by the Social Enterprises, Self Regulatory Organisations (‘SRO’s) recognised under ICAI, ICSI and such other bodies as may be prescribed by SEBI have been considered to be eligible to act as platforms to register Social Auditors. ICAI has approved the formation of an SRO named ‘Institute of Social Auditors of India’ while ‘ICSI Institute of Social Auditors’ is the recognsied SRO under ICSI. Such auditors are also required to undergo a certification program conducted by National Institute of Securities Market (‘NISM’).

ICAI has recently sought interest for the initial empanelment of Social Auditors.[1] The eligibility criteria for empanelment as a Social Audit firm requires having a track record of minimum three years of conducting social impact assessment. Further, average annual grants or expenditure of social enterprise of the last 3 financial years should be atleast Rs. 50 lakhs and the firm should have suitable human resources in the field of social development having experience of usage of relevant methodology of social audit. The disqualifications includes any individual or any of the partner/director of an entity being convicted for an offence of moral turpitude or declared as an undischarged insolvent/bankrupt or has been debarred by SEBI.  

To put it in simple terms, Social Auditors are required to conduct Social Audit of the activities carried on by Social Enterprises. To aid the Social Auditors in carrying out the Social Audit, both the SROs being ICAI and ICSI have rolled out the Social Audit Standards (‘SAS’) to assist and guide their empanelled auditors for the purpose of carrying out the audit in accordance with the SAS Framework. Looking at the imminence of SSEs to come into reality with SEBI granting in-principle approval to both BSE and NSE in December, 2022, SROs have rolled out SAS for the quick reference and guidance for their registered auditors.

In this write-up, we have covered the key takeaways from the SAS and its relevance, applicability as well as mapping with the global principles on social audit.

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Sustainable finance and GSS+ bonds: State of the Market and Developments

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– Vinod Kothari and Payal Agarwal | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

The topic of sustainable finance has become as critical as sustainable development, since finance is the prerequisite for sustainable development. “Finance can play a leading role in allocating investment to sustainable corporates and projects and thus accelerate the transition to a low carbon and more circular economy. Moreover, investors can exert influence on the corporates in which they invest.  In this way, long-term investors can steer corporates towards sustainable business practices.”[1] Hence, there is momentum towards organising funds and resources to transition from low energy efficiency to high energy efficiency, or renewable energy devices.

The expression “sustainable finance” is broader, as it encompasses the use of ESG considerations in financing decisions.[2] However, sustainability bonds are capital market instruments issued with a stated end-use. The term GSS+ bonds, which has recently been much in vogue, has G, S, S and then augmented by the + sign. The components of “GSS+” are as follows:

G : Green

S: Social

S: Sustainability

+ :  Other labeled bonds, particularly, transition bonds, and depending on the usage, may also include sustainability-linked bonds.

The other labeled bonds may also include blue bonds, gender bonds, climate bonds, yellow bonds etc., although the same may already be covered under one of the components of the GSS bonds. For instance, blue bonds are taken as a part of green bonds, and gender bonds are taken as a part of social bonds.

GSS+ bonds are also called “thematic” or “labeled” bonds, with the use of their proceeds linked with the respective theme represented by such bonds. These expressions may be somewhat overlapping[3].

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India to bring its debutante sovereign green bond

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– Vinod Kothari | vinod@vinodkothari.com

This version: 31st January, 2023

Following the Sovereign Green Bond framework issued by the Govt of India, and in accordance with the calendar of events issued by RBI, the first tranche of the sovereign green bonds has been successfully issued by the Govt of India. Remarkably, the bonds achieved a greenium of 6 basis points against the expected 2-3 basis points, with the issue selling at a 5-6 basis points lower yield than the sovereign yield of similar tenure. The issuance was more than four times oversubscribed. The five-year bond was priced at 7.10% and 10-year bond at 7.29%, as per the auction results released by RBI. Indian government bonds with the same maturity period were trading at a yield of 7.16% and 7.35%, respectively, during the relevant period.

After the launch of the Sovereign Green Bond framework in November 2022, India has made its fast move for debuting with a Rs 16,000 crore green bond issuance, in two tranches,  in January and February 2023, according to an RBI announcement. The proceeds will be deployed in public sector projects which help in reducing the carbon intensity of the economy. The details of such projects are not immediately available; however, going by settled Green Bond Principles , which has also been adopted by India’s own sovereign framework, these projects will be identified and ascertainable disclosed by the issuer in the offer documents[1].

The GoI green bonds will qualify as SLR securities. They will also be available for investment by non-residents on automatic route. There are two maturities – 5 years, and 10 years, each with a value of Rs 8000 crores.

Green bonds are a part of a larger category of sustainability finance instruments, including social, sustainability, transition or other various thematic bond issuances. Green bonds constitute the largest components of the so-called GSS+ bonds.

Green bonds are issued by financial sector entities, direct users as also by sovereigns. The issuance by sovereigns, such as the Government of India in the present case, is fair recent – Poland is said to be the first country in 2016 to have issued a green bond.

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Corporate climate change litigation: Increasing heat on boardrooms?

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– Payal Agarwal and Neha Sinha | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

The importance of ESG aspects in the corporate world does not need an introduction in the current scenario. As the concept travels from the global conferences to the corporate boardrooms, so do the risks and opportunities of the same. Climate change has evolved from an “ethical, environmental” issue to one that presents foreseeable financial and systemic risks (and opportunities) over mainstream investment horizons, as discussed in detail in the Fiduciary Duties and Climate Change in the United States published by Commonwealth Climate and Law Initiative (CCLI). The corporate laws provide a general duty of the directors towards the protection of the environment, and therefore, directors cannot deny their responsibilities towards the same. The same has been dealt with at length in our writeup “Directors’ Liability towards Climate Change: Why Boards should be bothered”.

In this article, the authors try to look at the kinds of litigation in the field of climate change where corporations have been held accountable and identify the potential of litigation risks and the extent to which the directors of a company can be held liable for the climate change actions.

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Emission law amendments: Laying the framework for Carbon trading market in India

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– Payal Agarwal, Vinod Kothari & Company (payal@vinodkothari.com)

This version: 23rd December, 2022

The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 (“Bill”) seeks to provide a regulatory framework for carbon markets in India. The Bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 8th August, 2022, and has been passed in the Rajya Sabha on 12th December, 2022. The President’s asset is all that is required to bring the carbon markets within the statutory framework of India. However, there is still a long way to go before carbon markets are implemented in India, which will require notification of the procedures and rules governing the same. Further, the carbon markets in other countries are still developing in a phased manner, identifying the gaps in the existing system and modifying accordingly. India cannot be an exception to the same. However, the concept of “carbon credits” is not unknown to India since there are several entities in the country which are already generating tons of carbon credits. This article seeks to delve upon the legal aspects of carbon credits markets around the world, the consequences of not exporting the same, and the tax implications upon sale of the generated credits. As we study the existing carbon markets around the world, some learnings from these markets may be taken into consideration for the developing carbon market in India.

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Emission law amendments to trigger carbon credit trading in India

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– Payal Agarwal, Senior Executive | payal@vinodkothari.com

This version: 23rd December, 2022

The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 (the “Bill”) has been passed by both houses of the Parliament (Lok Sabha: 8th August, 2022 and Rajya Sabha: 12th December, 2022), proposing amendments to the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 (“the Act”). The Bill seeks to bring the mandatory carbon credit markets in India. The Bill provides a legislative inclusion to the formulation of a carbon credit trading scheme [clause (w) of Section 14 of the Energy Conservation Act, 2001] . The scheme will be launched by the Central Government and the contours of the scheme will be known only when the scheme is announced. However, it is clear that with the passing of this Bill, the country is all set to launch carbon credit markets in India. 

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