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Scaling up skilling by using CSR funds: Any takers?

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Employment & Skilling has been identified as one of the top priorities for Vikshit Bharat in the Union Budget, 2024. To this end, the Govt has proposed a scheme that looks novel and innovative, and would supposedly encourage top 500 companies to use their CSR funds for providing internships to eligible youth. However, even if a large company takes 100 interns, it will use only Rs 6 lakh [100 X Rs 5000 X 12 – 90% govt. share] out of its CSR budget, which is trivial for a company of that size.

More details will possibly be rolled out over time, from whatever is available, it seems there is quite a lot of procedure for companies, who may opt for this scheme only at their discretion. 

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CSR spending in the Indian sports sector

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-Shreya Salampuria | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

Background

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending in India, as is well known, is focused on certain statutorily recognised social activities, of which sports is one. Schedule VII, clause (vii) deals with activities related to “training to promote rural sports, nationally recognised sports, paralympic sports and olympic sports”.

Most of the attention under the schedule is taken away by contribution on activities connected with healthcare followed by education.

Khelo India, Kheloge toh Khiloge, an attempt to improve the performance of our vast country in sports, however, can we tap csr funds for the same?

When it comes to choosing or prioritizing the sports related activities, the outlook of the Indian companies cannot be said to be very impressive, however,  there has been an increment on the CSR spending under the sports sector.

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Responsibility by rod: MCA adjudication orders deal punches of penalty for CSR breaches

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– Vinod Kothari | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

If the intent of CSR provisions coded in the law was to promote socially responsible conduct on the part of companies, that lesson of responsibility is being taught the very hard, indiscriminately harsh way – by imposing penalties of 2X of the amount involved in CSR breaches, even if the breach was a pure timing mismatch. By now, there are several such adjudication orders – purely as an example, is  where the order clearly notes that there has been no failure on the part of the company to spend the failed amount of Rs 14.50 lacs. The amount was indeed spent, as intended for “ongoing projects”, but there mere segregation of this money into a separate bank account, required to be done within 30 days, was missing. Applying the provisions of sec. 135 (7) which provides for a “penalty of twice the amount” which failed the segregation requirement, though it did not fail the spending requirement.

There are several points that arise here: segregation of the amounts meant to be spent for ongoing projects is merely a ring-fencing requirement, such that companies are aware of the purpose for parking the money, and such money is indeed not commingled with the company’s own funds. If the funds are indeed spent for the purpose for which they are to be segregated, the failure to segregate is, at the most, the failure of the method and not the ultimate result. The failure was transient, and only a timing issue, and not a substantive failure. Therefore, even if punishable, the punishment could not have been the maximum amount provided by the law.

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Understanding CSR for NGO

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– Pammy Jaiswal, Partner | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

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Corporate succession events: Treatment of unspent or overspent CSR obligations

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CS Aisha Begum Ansari, Manager & Payal Agarwal, Deputy Manager | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

Background

The identity of a corporate entity may undergo various restructurings, either in the form of merger, demerger, sale of one or more divisions or undertakings. conversion of a company into LLP etc. Let us, for the sake of convenience, call them a “corporate succession” event, implying a situation where a corporate entity is succeeded by another entity, or its business, operations or undertaking shifts to another entity.  In some cases, say, amalgamation, the erstwhile corporate entity gets dissolved. In case of a demerger, the transferor entity continues. In case of conversion into LLP or vice versa, a company gets transformed into an LLP or other way round.

Usually, in corporate succession events, the assets and liabilities forming part of an undertaking are shifted to another undertaking, say, the successor entity.  The assets and liabilities that are comprised in an undertaking are mostly defined to include all liabilities existing on pertaining to a certain date, let us call it “appointed date”.

One of the perplexing aspects of this process of transfer of assets and liabilities may be the treatment of the unspent CSR obligations, or excess spending,  by the corporate entity which is undergoing a change in its identity. The question becomes increasingly significant in the present day regulatory environment due to the shift in CSR from COPEX (Comply or Explain) to COPP (Comply or Pay Penalty).

In the present write-up, we discuss the treatment of CSR obligations as a result of the following actions resulting into a change in the identity of a corporate –

  1. Merger
  2. Demerger
  3. Sale of a division/ undertaking (“Slump sale”)
  4. Conversion of a company into LLP
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Can companies avail GST benefits on CSR spending?

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– By Harsh Juneja | Executive (corplaw@vinodkothari.com)

(Updated as on February 03, 2023 by Lovish Jain | Executive)

Background

Section 135(5) of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘the Act’) requires every eligible company [as per section 135(1)] to spend at least 2% of the average of net profits of immediately preceding 3 financial years towards Corporate Social Responsibilities(‘CSR’) activities. The CSR spending may sometimes include contributions made to NGOs or other beneficiaries, or money paid to implementing agencies. However, quite often, the expense may relate to procurement of goods or services which are applied to one or more CSR activities. This procurement of goods or services comes with the tax cost, viz., GST. So the question is, does this GST paid, while acquiring goods or services, give rise to an input tax credit, such that the same may be claimed as a set off? A related, and more important question is, whether CSR expense for the purpose of sec. 135 (5) be the amount net of the ITC, if the ITC is claimable, or the gross amount paid?

Input Tax Credit

Eligibility

Section 16(1) of the Central Goods and Service Tax (‘CGST Act, 2017’) prescribes the eligibility criteria for taking Input Tax Credit. It states that “Every registered person shall, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be prescribed and in the manner specified in section 49, be entitled to take credit of input tax charged on any supply of goods or services or both to him which are used or intended to be used in the course or furtherance of his business and the said amount shall be credited to the electronic credit ledger of such person.”

Until the Budget 2023 announcement, there was no explicit provision clarifying the position whether input tax credit would be available for acquiring goods or services for carrying out CSR activities. In the Finance Bill, 2023, a proposal has been made for amendment in section 17 of the CGST Act, 2017 to disallow the availability of input tax credit for expenditure made towards CSR activities. Please refer to our article on the same

There have been rulings by Appellate Tribunal and Advance Rulings under GST w.r.t. the same.

Hon’ble CESTAT Mumbai, in the case of M/s Essel Propack Ltd. vs Commissioner of CGST, Bhiwandi, gave a view that the CSR gives a company an economically, socially and environment sustainability in the society in the long run, as a company can not operate without providing benefits to its stakeholders. Therefore, it held that if companies are unable to claim input services in respect of activities relating to business, production and sustainability of the companies themselves would be at stake.

Hon’ble High Court of Karnataka, in its judgement, in the case of M/s Commissioner of Central Excise, Bangalore vs. Millipore India (P) Ltd., also was of view that CSR Expenses are mandatorily incurred by employers towards benefit of the society and “to maintain their factory premises in an eco-friendly manner”. Therefore, the tax paid on such services shall form part of the costs of the final products and thus, the company can claim these taxes paid as input services.

Uttar Pradesh Authority for Advance Ruling (‘AAR’) in the matter of M/s Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd held that a company is mandatorily required to undertake CSR activities and thus, forms a core part of its business process. Hence, the CSR activities are to be treated as incurred in “the course of business”.

Telangana State AAR in the matter of M/s. Bambino Pasta Food Industries Private Limited has clearly held that expenditure made towards CSR, is an expenditure made in the furtherance of the business. Hence the tax paid on purchases made to meet the obligations under CSR will be eligible for ITC. 

Section 135(7) is a penal provision under the Act which deals with penalty on non-compliance of section 135(5)  and (6). It was observed by the AAR that a Company fulfilling eligibility criteria under section 135(1) of the Act is required to mandatorily spend towards CSR and thus, must comply with these provisions to ensure smooth run of business.

Thus, Uttar Pradesh AAR held that the expenses incurred by the Company in order to comply with requirements of CSR under the Act qualify as being incurred in the course of business and are eligible for ITC in terms of the Section 16 of the CGST Act, 2017.

Contrary ruling: Free Supply of Goods

Section 17(5)(h) of the CGST Act excludes “goods lost, stolen, destroyed, written off or disposed of by way of gift or free samples” for the purpose of availing ITC on payment of GST. The term ‘gift’ is not defined anywhere in the CGST Act. However, in layman’s language, gift means a thing given willingly to someone without payment.

In the matter of M/s. Polycab Wires Private Limited, Kerala AAR held that distribution of necessaries to calamity affected people under CSR expenses shall be treated as is if they are given on free basis and without collecting any money. Hence, for these transactions, it was held that ITC shall not be available as per section 17(5)(h).

However, a contrast has been drawn in the Uttar Pradesh AAR Ruling towards goods given as ‘gift’ and given as a part of CSR activities. Gifts are voluntary and occasional in nature whereas CSR expenses are obligatory and regular in nature. AAR held that since CSR expenses are not incurred voluntarily and have to be incurred regularly, they are not to be treated as ‘gift’ and thus, should not be restricted under section 17(5)(h) for claiming ITC.

One may also refer to explanation 2 to Section 37(1) of Income Tax Act, 1961, as also cited by Hon’ble High Court of Delhi in the matter of Pr. Commissioner of Income Tax vs. M/s Steel Authority of India Ltd which provides that, any expenditure incurred by an assessee on the activities relating to CSR referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 shall not be deemed to be an expenditure incurred for the purposes of the business or profession.

Availing Benefit through Beneficiary

A company contributes a sum towards a beneficial organisation such as NGOs, Charitable Trusts and Section 8 Companies (‘implementing agencies’) towards fulfillment of CSR activities. However, these implementing agencies also need to hire services of vendors to complete these activities. These vendors charge GST on the services rendered by them. Since these implementing agencies often do not generate any output, the question raises can these organizations also claim ITC on the services rendered by them?

There is a concept of ‘pure agent’ in GST. Explanation to Rule 33 of CGST Rules, 2017 prescribes that a pure agent means a person who –

The implementing agencies fulfill this eligibility criteria of being a ‘pure agent’. Rule 33 also contains some conditions on the fulfilment of which, expenses incurred by the supplier as a pure agent of the recipient of the supplier of goods or services, are excluded from the value of supply-

In our case, if an implementing agency avails any goods or services from a vendor to fulfil the CSR activities for a company, then the payment of any such amount to the vendor shall be treated as a supply made as a pure agent by the implementing agency on behalf of recipient of supply, i.e., the company. Thus, these expenses incurred by the implementing agencies shall be excluded from the value of supply and therefore, are not liable for payment of GST.

CSR Contribution: Pre-GST or Post-GST?

The Act does not clarify that the amount to be contributed towards CSR activities should be inclusive or exclusive of taxes. However, it seems that since GST is charged on supply of goods and services, irrespective of the intention of social benefit, the amount contributed towards CSR can be both inclusive and exclusive of GST. Having said that, the question still pertains on the inclusivity of the amount of GST paid towards the amount of CSR expenditure for the purpose of section 135(5) of the Companies Act, 2013.

Conclusion

While the rational view would be, expenses incurred on GST for fulfilment of CSR activities should be eligible for claiming input tax credit, however, the Finance Bill, 2023 proposes otherwise. The effective date of the amendment will be 1st April 2023. Hence, once the Budget proposals are passed, any acquisition of goods or services for CSR purposes will be denied the benefit of GST set off. So the next question is whether the CSR expenditure would be inclusive of GST. We deal with the same citing illustrations in our article.

Unspent CSR & Role of IAs

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Knowledge Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

MCA circular on excess spent done by contribution to PM-Cares

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-raises more questions than it settles.

Nitu Poddar, Senior Associate ( corplaw@vinodkothari.com )

Setting off excess-spent on CSR

Pursuant to Rule 7(3) of the CSR Rules, 2014, a company is allowed to take benefit of the excess amount (more than the requirement under section 135(5) spent by it on CSR activities upto three succeeding financial years. This provision has come into effect from January 22, 2021.

Accordingly, the common view that has formed is that only amount that is spent in excess on and from January 22, 2021 can be set off against the CSR obligations of three succeeding year. However, the second view, and the more appropriate one is, even amount spent in excess before Jan 22, 2021 may also be set-off against the CSR obligations of a year, subject to such excess spent is done within three years of taking such set-off. That is to say, any excess spent done in FY 2019-20, 2018-19, 2017-18 could have been set-off in FY 2020-21.

The reason for the second view is that, all that the provisions of Rule 7(3) allows is “setting off “the excess spent, which is being done post January 22, 2021. 

Clarification Circular by MCA:

MCA, on May 20, 2021, has issued a Circular, purportedly clarifying the following:

  1. Any amount spent in excess during FY 2019-20;
  2. On March 31, 2020;
  3. By contribution to the PM-Cares

may be set off against the CSR obligation for FY 2020-21 (only) subject to the following conditions:

  1. Unspent amount, if any, of the previous years, should have been factored;
  2. CFO and statutory auditor to certify that such amount was
    1. contributed on 31.03.2020;
    2. pursuant to the appeal by the MCA.
  3. Details of such contribution to be disclosed separately in the CSR Report and Board’s Report. 

Issues arising from the Circular

The MCA Circular rather raises several questions and leave then unanswered:

  1. What about the contribution done prior to 31.03.2020?;
  2. What about the excess spent done in any other activity as mentioned in schedule vii?;
  3. What about the excess spent done in FY 2018-19 and 2017-18?
  4. Why a certificate from statutory auditor? This is not required for any other excess spent done neither is this part of Rule 7(3).

The Circular seems to support the view of the ICSI, as mentioned in Q-47 of the FAQ released on April, 29, 2020, which says that only excess spent done after January, 22, 2021 may be allowed to set-off in subsequent years. However, taking such view would may not be the correct interpretation of the applicability of the provisions.

 

Our other resources on CSR can be accessed at : http://vinodkothari.com/csr/

Funding through crowdfunding platform: whether qualifies to be CSR?

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-Platforms different from implementing agency

-Pammy Jaiswal, Partner and Sachin Sharma, Executive (corplaw@vinodkothari.com)

Crowdfunding Platforms

Crowdfunding platforms are digital platforms which solicit funds for various ventures. They pave way for easy accessibility to a vast network of people through social media. Individuals, charities or companies can create a campaign for specific causes for contribution from anyone, either a corporate, or an association, or an individual. Two broad classes of crowdfunding platforms are: investment-based, which consists of stocks, royalties, and loans, where the funders are investors in a campaign and can obtain monetary benefits. The other is donation-based, where funders do not expect monetary compensation. They fund a campaign because they support its cause. For understanding the concept on crowdfunding in detail, kindly refer to our article here.

Crowd sourcing has become an important aspect for carrying out CSR activities[1]. Around 27% of the crowdfunding campaigns are initiated to cover medical expenses. Several crowdfunding platforms are running parallelly across India as well as the world. Some of the Indian crowdfunding platforms include Impactguru, Milaap, Ketto, etc. As the world is under the grip of COVID- 19, these platforms are playing their remarkable role in sourcing funds for COVID-19 relief through several campaigns. Till now, Ketto has raised ₹324.60cr for its COVID relief campaigns whereas Milaap has raised ₹182.47Cr and Impact Guru has raised ₹61.46cr for their COVID relief campaigns. Further, crowdfunding platforms are not only popular in India but also across the world. Several global platforms are also working to raise funds for various projects/ campaigns. Global Giving collection in its Coronavirus Relief Fund has moved to $13,363,987.

 Growth in transactions of crowdfunding platforms

The crowdfunding platforms have attained greater visibility and importance in India as well as globally as per the statistics[2] given below-

 

 

 

The first figure corresponds to the Indian position and the second figure pertains to global statistics.

What is an ‘Implementing Agency’ (IA)

The term IA has not been defined under the CSR provisions (section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013 as well as the rules made thereunder), however, the report on CSR activities uses the term IA for carrying out CSR indirectly.

IA, as the name suggests is an implementation tool for the entity to carry out its CSR activities. As per Rule-4(1) of the Companies (Corporate Social Responsibility Policy) Rules, 2014, section 8 companies, registered public trusts, and registered societies (collectively, called ‘entities’) can be referred to as IAs. The nature or activities of an IA can be distinguished from that of a beneficiary through a very thin line. Our article containing the detailed discussion on the same can be read here.

While carrying out CSR activities through an IA, there are several things that a company needs to consider after the amendment under the CSR provisions have been notified on 22nd January, 2021. They include:

  • IA which includes a section 8 company, public charitable trusts, or a society either formed by the company or otherwise needs to be registered under section 12A and 80G of the IT Act;
  • All IAs, are required to register themselves with MCA by filing e-form CSR-1; and
  • IAs which include a section 8 company, public charitable trusts, or a society not formed by the company require a track record of three years in carrying out similar CSR projects.

Crowdfunding platform working as a connecting point

Crowdfunding Platforms simply acts as connecting point between CSR contributors and CSR opportunities. It neither gets into implementation nor acts as agent for implementation, it acts merely as a connection point.

Deprived of the crowd sourcing mechanism, each company would have to look for its own sources for their CSR activity which will be a very inefficient way for carrying out CSR. India is a vast country and therefore huge number of CSR opportunities are present where each company would like to carry out its CSR obligations strategically so as to fulfil their CSR objectives. Crowdfunding platforms have filled up the information asymmetry and plays a role of an information bridge similar to what media does. Since it does not go into the implementation role at all, there is nothing wrong in routing/ using such platforms for carrying out CSR activities.

How is a crowdfunding platform different from being an IA?

An IA is regarded to work as an extended arm of the company in carrying out CSR activities. The whole purpose of involving an IA is to relieve the company from using its time to identify reliable projects and programs wherein the funds may be used or allocated. Another reason to involve an IA for carrying out CSR is that the company may not have the requisite expertise and experience to shortlist the authentic activities or entities where the money can be spent.

Having said that, on the other hand, a crowdfunding platform does not work as an extended arm of the company, rather, it is a voluntary body which acts a connecting point between the IA/ beneficiary and the company. It does not have the liberty to allocate the money in the project of its own choice, rather, the fund giver chooses the exact project or IA where it wants the money to be used.

Further, to be eligible to carry out CSR activities as an IA, registration with the MCA and under IT Act (except for govt entities and those set up under an Act of Parliament or State Legislature) is necessary while crowdfunding platforms may be relieved from such mandatory requirement considering its role as a connecting point between the fund raiser and the fund giver. Therefore, crowdfunding platforms cannot be regarded as IA.

The third point of difference between the two is when a CSR activity is routed through the IA, monitoring and utilisation report is required to be supplied by such IA to the Company. Whereas, when funds are contributed through crowdfunding platform, the ultimate beneficiary or IA which takes the funding, is liable to provide a utilisation report to the fund giver.

Features of the crowdfunding platform which distinguishes it from an IA

As discussed above, a crowdfunding platform acts as a medium to connect the contributor and the contribute. If it also relevant to understand the extent these crowdfunding platforms differ from an IA.

We have gone through the websites of several crowdfunding platforms and have presented a tabular presentation of areas where they are different from becoming an IA.

Basis Ketto[1] ImpactGuru[2] Milaap[3] Role of IAs
Accountability It shall not in any manner be responsible or held accountable for any transaction between the Users. No obligation to become involved in disputes between any Users, or between Users and any third party arising in connection with the use of the Site Assume no responsibility to verify whether the Donations are used in accordance with any applicable laws, and such responsibility rests solely with the Champion or Charity, as applicable Accountable to the companies donating the funds.
Utilisation of funds It is merely an intermediary and does not interfere in the transaction between Donors / Contributors and Campaigner Not responsible in any way whatsoever towards the end utilization of funds Facilitates the Donation transaction between Champions and Donors, but is not a party to any agreement between a Champion and a Donor, or between any user and a Charity. It decides the areas and entities where funds are to be allocated
Obligations or liabilities wrt funds collected Does not hold any right, title or interest over the funds or rewards or have any obligations or liabilities in respect of such providing the same to the Donor / Contributor Does not take any responsibility for making sure that the project for which the funds are raised through its Site is completed and made available to the Funders No control over the conduct of, or any information provided by a Champion or a Charity, and Milaap hereby disclaims all liability in this regard Liable if the same remains unspent or not spent within the permitted activities. Utilisation reports have to be shared signifying the utilisation of funds for permitted activities
Liability for correctness of information on the platform Not liable Not liable Not liable Liable
Responsibility for success/ outcome of the project Not liable Not liable Not Liable Liable
Verification whether funds are used as per applicable laws or fund-raising purpose Responsibility on the Campaigner Responsibility on the Campaigner Responsibility on the Campaigner Responsibility on the IA

Safeguards/ points of consideration in funding through the platform

  1. Funds are going to the beneficiary directly:

The fund is put directly from the crowdfunding platform to the beneficiary’s account and no third party is involved here. In this, it becomes a case of direct CSR activity. Utilisation report is required.

  1. Funds are going to another IA (registered):

Where the funds raised by crowdfunding platform goes to an entity registered as an IA with MCA, monitoring as well as utilization report will be required

  1. Funds are going to another IA (registered) which itself carries out CSR activities:

Where the fund raiser is a registered IA, however, carries out the CSR activities itself, it will be a case of direct CSR and not through an IA.

Conclusion

 Crowdfunding platforms are emerging as promising sources for business houses to fulfil their CSR goals. These platforms should be expected and at the same time be bound by the mandatory registration provisions with the MCA since their role is not be act as an IA but a mere platform where fund raisers and fund givers can meet.

Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) vide several circulars have brought several relaxations and broad based the activities under Schedule VII in relation to COVID-19 and health care.

Looking at the ongoing era of the pandemic, it has become very common for several digital platforms to come forward and act as source of link between the agencies/ beneficiaries and the corporates for several activities which are also covered under Schedule VII of the Companies Act, 2013.

Our other resources on CSR can be read here

[1] Read more here

[2] https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/fintech/alternative-financing/crowdfunding/worldwide?currency=INR

[1] https://www.ketto.org/terms-of-use.php

[2] https://www.impactguru.com/terms-of-use

[3] https://milaap.org/about-us/terms-and-conditions