National financial information repository: One more or one for all?

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– Lovish Jain, Executive | lovish@vinodkothari.com

Some days ago, Mr. Vinod Kothari had commented on a LinkedIn post :

“Do we realise how many places does a lender (NBFC, Bank) register information about a loan? There are 4 credit information companies (such as CIBIL) where the credit data, including performance history, is uploaded. If the exposure is Rs 5 crores or above, in the aggregate over the banking system, information goes on CRILC too.

RBI has recently written to NBFCs reminding them of the obligation to register details with NeSL, an information utility under IBC, irrespective of whether the provisions of Code apply (for example in case of individuals), or whether the lender in question is at all contemplating resorting to IBC as a remedy (for example, consumer loans).

If the loan is a secured loan, the details need to be filed with CERSAI. If the secured loan borrower is a company, details need to be filed with RoC too. If the security interest is on immovable property, one needs to file particulars with land registry. If the security interest is on motor vehicles, the hypothecation is registered with Vahan portal too.

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A shocker for the bond markets: Withholding tax to apply on listed bonds, without grandfathering 

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Team Financial Services | finserv@vinodkothari.com

Section 193 of the Income Tax Act[1] provides for TDS payment in case of interest on securities. Currently listed debentures are exempt from TDS without any limit. The exemption comes way of clause (ix) of the proviso to sec. 193.

The said clause is now sought to be deleted. The deletion, if affirmed by the statute, will be effective from 1st April, 2023, thereby meaning that any interest paid by companies on listed bonds will now be subject to tax.

The amendment has a retroactive effect, as it applies even to bonds that may have already been issued. If the issuer and the investor have both entered into a securities transaction on the strength of the law then existing, and the bondholder suddenly comes under the purview of deduction of tax at source, this will be like acquiring a security with no safe harbor. It is notable that certainty of tax treatment for capital market transactions is an essential mainstay for the healthy growth of capital markets.

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Corporate law changes: small steps towards procedural simplification 

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– Anushka Vohra, Manager | corplaw@vinodkothari.com

The Budget 2023, proposes certain amendments, partly towards ease of doing business, and partly for certain rationalization measures.

The major amendments proposed are as follows:

  1. CSR expense not to result into GST set off

We had in our previous article, dealt with the question whether,GST paid, while acquiring goods or services for CSR activities would give rise to an input tax credit. Section 17(5)(h) of the CGST Act excludes “goods lost, stolen, destroyed, written off or disposed of by way of gift or free samples” for the purpose of availing ITC on payment of GST. The term ‘gift’ is not defined anywhere in the CGST Act. However, in layman’s language, gift means a thing given willingly to someone without payment.

While, there isn’t any explicit clarification to say whether input tax credit will be available or not, we relied on certain judicial pronouncements, some of which confirmed the availability of ITC benefit, and some denied it.

The Budget 2023, proposes that section 17(5) of the CGST Act shall be amended to the effect that input tax credit shall not be available in respect of goods or services or both received by a taxable person, which are used or intended to be used for activities relating to his obligations under corporate social responsibility referred to in section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013.

Hence, in case of the company being subjected to the obligation of spending on CSR, the GST benefit will be denied to the company. The expression is clearly related to the obligation under CSR in terms of sec. 135 – therefore, this denial of ITC benefit will be applicable only in case of the company.

The effective date of the amendment will be 1st April, 2023. Hence, once the Budget proposals are passed, any acquisition of goods or services for CSR purposes will be denied the benefit of GST set off.

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Meeting priority sector lending shortfalls: One more option

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Aanchal Kaur Nagpal, Manager | finserv@vinodkothari.com

Background

All scheduled commercial banks (including Regional Rural Banks and Small Finance Banks) are required to undertake priority sector lending. RBI mandates PSL to account for at least 40% of a bank’s Adjusted Net Bank Credit (ANBC) or Credit Equivalent of Off‐Balance Sheet Exposure whichever is higher, in accordance with the RBI PSL guidelines[1].

The intent behind prescribing PSL limits for banks is to enable certain sections of the society, though fairly credit-worthy but unable to obtain credit from the formal financial/ banking system, to access adequate credit. These sectors do not seem to be economically lucrative but are indispensable for the overall development and growth of India’s economy.

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Finance Bill 2023 amends section 56(2)(viib): How will it impact the startups?

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– Abhirup Ghosh, Partner | finserv@vinodkothari.com

Background

The Finance Bill 2023 has proposed amendments to section 56(2)(viib) of the Income Tax Act, which deals with tax on closely held companies for issuance of shares to residents at a premium where the shares are issued at a value higher than the fair market value. The objective of the change is to expand the scope of the section and bring shares issued to non-residents into the reach of the section. This proposal will particularly hit start-ups, which mostly issue equity shares and compulsorily convertible preference shares (CCPS) to their investors, and in most of the start-ups, at valuations which are far higher than the fair values at the time of issuance. 

Before we discuss the impact of the section, let us first understand the scope of the section at length.

Also, it is important to note that the focus of this article is to examine the potential impact of the amendment on startups, since, the majority of the foreign investments into closely held companies flow into the startups, therefore, this section will mostly affect the startup segment.

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The Munis of India: Facilitating municipal bonds

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Rhea Shah, Executive | finserv@vinodkothari.com

India may be said to be the land of munis and rishis; however, when it comes to what the capital markets know as munis, namely, municipal bonds, India lags substantially behind other bond issuing jurisdictions. The Municipal Bonds market is still at the nascent stage, thereby requiring a robust regulatory framework and other regulations to be in place for its effective functioning. Issued by municipal authorities and government entities to meet their day-to-day operational needs, munis in the Indian market context are generally seen as a favourable investment to make.   Our detailed articles on the subject may be viewed here[1].

Munis in the Economic survey

As per the Economic Survey, the yields of municipal bonds during the year 2022-2023 have seen a significant rise, thereby enhancing investors’ interest in the market. The Union Budget was expected to bring about favorable outcomes for munis thereby having an effect of promoting the further development of the market and simultaneously ensuring its due regulation.  In the recent period, there has been a resurgence of municipal bond issuances in India, with nine MCs raising around ₹3,840 crore during 2017-21.

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Budget gives major boost for infrastructure

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Timothy Lopes, Manager | finserv@vinodkothari.com

Giving a push to the infrastructure sector has always been a top priority of the government, since developing infrastructure has a large role to play in terms of the overall growth of an economy. Infrastructure and investment were named as the third priority in the budget speech 2023-24 made by the Hon’ble Finance Minister.

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Residual income from REITs and InvITs now covered under section 56 of Income-tax Act.

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– Kaushal Shah, Executive | kaushal@vinodkothari.com

Background

Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) and Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are two of the most important investments in the real estate and infrastructure sectors. REITs provide investors with a way to invest in real estate without having to own physical assets, while InvITs allow investors to invest in infrastructure projects without taking on the risk associated with owning physical assets. Both REITs and InvITs offer investors an opportunity for diversification, income generation, and capital appreciation and also provide them with the option of liquidity. As per recent trends, they are becoming increasingly popular among both institutional and retail investors looking to diversify their portfolios.

One of the key aspects which make REITs & InvITs is the tax transparency they provide owing to their structure. The  ‘pass-through’ status means that the income generated would be taxed in the hands of the unit holders, and that the business trust will not be liable to pay any tax on the same.

As per the extant provisions the taxation of REITs as a business trust shall be as per the following:

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Measures for promoting MSMEs: credit guarantees and timely payments 

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The MSME segment represents 30%[1] of the Gross Domestic Product of the country and is a key to India’s vision to become a USD 5 trillion economy. As a result, this has always been a focus area so far as macro-economic policy-making is considered. 

During the present year’s budget, the FM highlighted that one of the key areas where the Government has worked on is ease of access to finance. 

Access to finance has always been a problem for the MSMEs in the country, and the reasons for this are many, including lack of standardisation of business processes, lack of credit history, lack of formal collateral, etc. To plug the demand and supply gap in MSME financing, the Government of India has over the years launched several schemes to directly or indirectly channelise institutional finance to this segment.

Of the several initiatives taken by the Government, the one which has gained the most popularity is the Credit Guarantee Scheme for Micro & Small Enterprises. To operationalise this, the GOI and SIDBI together formed the Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises (CGTMSE). The CGTMSE primarily extends guarantee in case of collateral-free loans and loans with insufficient collateral to micro and small enterprises. 

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Financial Regulators to have a consultative approach

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– Timothy Lopes, Manager | finserv@vinodkothari.com

The need for a consultative approach

In a post on LinkedIn, Vinod Kothari stated: “Let us face it – the business world is increasingly governed by regulations, and not rule of law. Parliamentary law in most cases is skeletal, laying what may evasively be termed as the essential principles. Most substantive rules that define, delimit or deny business freedom are made by the regulators. In the world of finance and capital markets, the regulators are SEBI, RBI, IRDA, PFRDA, etc.

This note is to make a case that significant regulatory actions, involving change of the rules that govern business, must necessarily be first proposed for public comments. A sudden change in rules can cause great difficulty as the regulated would keep searching for the rationale behind the regulatory action.  Quite often, regulators come back and say: we have our own observations. But how does one justify the results of regulatory experience not being shared with the regulated? How does one conclude that the observations of the regulator are unbiased, not myopic, or that the proposed rule-making by the regulator is based on a wrong premise or flawed understanding, or that a proposed rule will not do a damage? There are occasions when a regulatory action may have to be taken without the benefit of prior discussion, but this is exceptional. Perhaps, such an action is justified when the regulator has to act abruptly, or the balance of convenience lies in immediate implementation. But for such exceptional cases, one is not able to make a case for a change in rules that takes people by surprise.

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