RBI’s Ombudsman storm- Tough road ahead for NBFCs
By Saloni Mathur & Mayank Agarwal (finserv@vinodkothari.com)
Introduction
In the wake of rising discrepancies and deficiencies witnessed in the implementation of NBFCs general services, the Reserve Bank of India(“RBI”) came up with The Ombudsman Scheme for Non-Banking Financial Companies, 2018 (hereinafter referred to as the “Scheme”)[1] to address and target any complaint by any party aggrieved by any discrepancy in the service obligation of the NBFC.
The intent behind this scheme is to alleviate any laxity in the service delivery mechanism of the NBFC such that any party aggrieved may turn to a system for Ombudsman for a quick and ready solution and seek for any redress regarding any issue concerned with it.
The Scheme shall come into effect and force from February 23, 2018.
Applicability of the Scheme
The Scheme lucidly lays down the applicability of the provisions to the following class of NBFCs:
NBFCs, as defined in Section 45-I(f) of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 and registered with the RBI under Section 45-IA of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 which:
- are authorised to accept deposits; or
- have customer interface, with assets size of one billion rupees or above, as on the date of the audited balance sheet of the previous financial year, or of any such asset size as the RBI may prescribe.
Though the scheme presently is applicable to all the deposit taking NBFCs, it is however proposed to operationalise the scheme for the remaining identified categories of the NBFCs in the later stage. Hence currently, the scheme does not reflect any obligation on the part of the non-deposit taking NBFCs with asset size of one billion rupees and above to comply with the requirements of various provisions of the scheme.
Non-Applicability of the Scheme
The Non-banking Financial Company – Infrastructure Finance Company (NBFC-IFC), Core Investment Company (CIC), Infrastructure Debt Fund – Non-banking Financial Company (NBFC-IDF) and an NBFC under liquidation, are excluded from the ambit of the Scheme.
Ombudsman
The RBI is of the view that one or more officers in the rank of not less than General Manager shall be called the Ombudsman to carry out the functions entrusted by or under this Scheme. The territorial jurisdictions of the Ombudsman cover four metro centres viz. Chennai, Kolkata, Mumbai and New Delhi for handling complaints from different zones.
Grounds for complaint
The Scheme specifies various grounds for complaints as per which the customer may approach the Ombudsman, they can be further classified and rearranged as follows:
- Financial deficiencies
- Non-presentation or excessive delay in submitting post-dated cheques provided by the customers;
- Failure to provide in writing, the terms and conditions relating to loans disbursed;
- Failure to provide the aforesaid written document, including any changes made to the terms, if any, in vernacular language or a language as requested by the customer;
- Failure or excessive delay in furnishing the securities documents to the borrower upon repayments of all dues;
- Non-compliance with RBI regulations in any regard;
- Operational deficiencies:
- Non-presentation or excessive delay in submitting post-dated cheques provided by the customers;
- Failure to provide in writing, the terms and conditions relating to loans disbursed;
- Failure to provide the aforesaid written document, including any changes made to the terms, if any, in vernacular language or a language as requested by the customer;
- Failure or excessive delay in furnishing the securities documents to the borrower upon repayments of all dues;
- Non-compliance with RBI regulations in any regard;
- Contractual deficiencies:
- Non-insertion of repossession clauses in loan agreement or contracts which are not legally enforceable;
- Unclear terms in contracts or loan agreements relating to the following:
- Notice period before taking possession of security;
- circumstances under which the notice period can be waived;
- the procedure for taking possession of the security;
- a provision regarding final chance to be given to the borrower for repayment of loan before the sale/ auction of the security;
- the procedure for giving repossession to the borrower and
- the procedure for sale/ auction of the security;
While the directions do specify at length the grounds for filing of compliant, they also specify certain conditions which must be satisfied before filing of a complaint. One of the most notable conditions is the fact that the complainant, before approaching the Ombudsman, must approach the NBFC. In case the NBFC is of no help to the complainant, only then can he/she seek remedy from the Ombudsman. A detailed flowchart covering the possible scenarios for the aforesaid case has been shown below.
This Scheme also specifies certain other conditions which must be satisfied before seeking redressal from the ombudsman and they are:
- Any compliant which has already been covered by the Ombudsman in previous proceedings or the proceeding for which an order has been passed or is ongoing in any court, tribunal or arbitrator or any other forum, cannot again be raised by a different complainant
- The complaint must be meaningful in nature
- the complainant has filed along with the complaint, copies of the documents, if any, which he intends to rely upon, and a declaration that the complaint is maintainable.
- the complaint is made before the expiry of the period of limitation prescribed under the Indian Limitation Act, 1963 for such claims.
Additionally, the Ombudsman may decide to reject a complaint, at the time of inception or during the process as well in the following cases:
- The complaint does not satisfy the grounds of complaint, as mentioned above;
- The complainant is seeking monetary compensation that is higher than what the Scheme limits;
- The complaint requires excessive deliberation and diligence on part of the Ombudsman and hence, is not appropriate for adjudication of such complaint;
- The complaint is not made with a sufficient cause;
- The complainant is callous while the case is ongoing;
- The Ombudsman adjudges that there is no loss, physical or financial, suffered by the complainant.
Process for filing Complaint under the Ombudsman Regime
Settlement of complaint
Consequent to receiving of a complaint, the primary road of action for the Ombudsman remains to arrive at an amicable solution, which means a Settlement. A complaint will be adjudged to be settled when any of the following scenarios are satisfied:
- Where the grievance raised by the complainant has been resolved by the NBFC with the intervention of the Ombudsman; or
- The complainant is satisfied with the process and extent of resolution provided by the Ombudsman based on mediation and conciliation provided by the NBFC
- When the Ombudsman adjudges that the NBFC has complied with the respective laws and the same has been informed to the complainant. In case the complainant fails to raise an objection to the same within the time frame provided, the same will be adjudged to be settled.
In cases where it is deemed practical to do so, the Ombudsman shall intimate the concerned NBFC and forward all requisite documents with the view of reaching an understanding. The Ombudsman shall consider documents and declarations from both the concerned parties and in case a decision cannot be arrived at, a meeting may be arranged between the two. In case a settlement has been reached through such meeting, the proceedings of the meeting must be signed by both parties concluding the same.
Award by the Ombudsman
If the complaint is not settled by agreement, the Ombudsman shall pass an Award where it will either allow or reject a complaint. While doing so it shall take into account all the relevant evidence placed before him, the RBI circulars and Directions as prescribed from time to time, and shall state the reasons for passing such an award.
The Ombudsman shall prescribe certain conditions of specific performance on the part of the NBFCs if it allows the complaint and also direct the NBFCs for the payment of any compensation. The complainant shall also submit to the NBFC and the Ombudsman concerned within a period of 30 days, a letter of acceptance of the Award in full and final settlement of his claim.
The NBFC shall unless it has preferred an appeal within one month from the date of receipt by it of the acceptance in writing of the Award by the complainant comply with the Award and intimate compliance to the complainant and the Ombudsman.
Appeal before the Appellate Authority
Any person aggrieved by the award may within 30 days of the receipt of the communication of Award or rejection of the complaint, prefer an appeal before the Appellate Authority. An appeal by an NBFC may be filed within 30 days from the date on which the NBFC receives letter of acceptance of the Award from the complainant.
Appeal may be filed by the NBFC only with the previous sanction of the chairman or the Managing director/Chief Executive Officer or any other officer of equal rank.
Quick Actionable by NBFCs pursuant to the scheme
The Scheme though is currently applicable to only deposit taking NBFCs, however the intent is to gradually extend it to other NBFCs as well. Following is a set of actionable required on the part of the NBFCs:
Display salient features of the scheme for Public Knowledge
- The purpose of the scheme and the contact details of the Ombudsman to whom the complaints are to be made by the aggrieved party to be displayed prominently in all the offices and branches.
- The NBFCs covered by the Scheme shall ensure that a copy of the Scheme is available with the designated officer of the company for perusal in the office premises, if anyone desires to do so, and notice about the availability of the Scheme with such designated officer shall be displayed and shall place a copy of the Scheme on their websites.
Appointment of nodal officers
To appoint Nodal Officers at their Head/ Registered/ Regional/ Zonal Offices who shall be responsible for representing the company and furnishing information to the Ombudsman in respect of complaints filed against the NBFC.
Information to all offices of Ombudsman
Inform all the Offices of the Ombudsman about the appointment of nodal officers. Wherever more than one zone/ region of a NBFC is falling within the jurisdiction of an Ombudsman, one of the Nodal Officers shall be designated as the ‘Principal Nodal Officer’ for such zones or regions.
Obligations of the NBFCs pursuant to the Scheme
Providing information
Provide information to the Ombudsman when there is a call for any to decide upon any complaint filed, and furnish all certified copies and documents as required from time to time.
Specific performance
Where the Ombudsman decides to allow the compliant, it is required to do specific performance of its obligations in addition to or otherwise, the amount, if any to be paid by it to the complainant by way of compensation for any loss suffered by the complainant arising directly out of the act or the omission of the NBFC.
Implementation/Enforcement of Award
It shall be the obligation of the NBFC concerned to implement the settlement arrived with the complainant or the Award passed by the Ombudsman when it becomes final and send a report in this regard to the Reserve Bank of India within 15 days of the award becoming final.
Penalty
NBFC’s are required to pay an amount which is more than the actual loss suffered by the complainant as a direct consequence of the act, omission, or commission of the NBFC, or one million rupees whichever is lower.
Compensation for any harassment
NBFCs are also required to pay compensation as a requirement of the Reward passed by the Ombudsman not exceeding one hundred thousand rupees to the complainant, taking into account the loss of time, expenses incurred, harassment and mental anguish suffered by the complainant.
Conclusion
In a nutshell, this will increase the responsibility of the NBFCs while dealing with the customers and other stakeholders and ensure that proper redressal is provided by them to the aggrieved party so as to avoid scrutiny of the Ombudsman.
[1] https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Content/PDFs/NBFC23022018.pdf
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