This article gives a snapshot of the Final Volcker Rule, released in December 2013.
The final rules provide key definitions and identify characteristics of prohibited and permitted activities and investments.
Proprietary Trading Prohibition – The final rules prohibit proprietary trading by banking entities. As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the final rules include exemptions for:
1. Underwriting activities: This exemption requires that a banking entity act as an underwriter for a distribution of securities (including both public and private offerings) and that the trading desk’s underwriting position be related to that distribution. Consistent with the Dodd-Frank Act, the underwriting position must be designed not to exceed the reasonably expected near-term demands of customers.
2. Market making-related activities: Under this exemption, a trading desk is required to routinely stand ready to purchase and sell one or more types of financial instruments. The trading desk’s inventory in these types of financial instruments would have to be designed not to exceed, on an ongoing basis, the reasonably expected near-term demands of customers based on such things as historical demand and consideration of market factors. A market-making desk may hedge the risks of its market-making activity under this exemption, provided it is acting in accordance with certain risk-management procedures required under the final rules.
3. Risk-mitigating hedging activities: This exemption would apply to hedging activity that is designed to reduce specific, identifiable risks of individual or aggregated positions of the banking entity. The banking entity would also be required to conduct an analysis (including correlation analysis) supporting its hedging strategy, and the effectiveness of hedges must be monitored and recalibrated as necessary on an ongoing basis. The final rules also require banking entities to document, contemporaneously with the transaction, the hedging rationale for certain transactions that present heightened compliance risks.
4. Trading in certain government obligations: The final rules permit a banking entity to continue to engage in proprietary trading in U.S. government, agency, state, and municipal obligations. They also permit, in more limited circumstances, proprietary trading in the obligations of a foreign sovereign or its political subdivisions.
5. Certain trading activities of foreign banking entities: The final rules generally do not prohibit trading by foreign banking entities, provided the trading decisions and principal risks of the foreign banking entity occur and are held outside of the United States. Such transactions may involve U.S. entities only under certain circumstances. Specifically, an exempt transaction may occur a) with the foreign operations of U.S. entities; b) in cleared transactions with an unaffiliated market intermediary acting as principal; or c) in cleared transactions through an unaffiliated market intermediary acting as agent, conducted anonymously on an exchange or similar trading facility.
6. Other permitted activities: The final rules exempt, provided certain requirements are met, trading on behalf of a customer in a fiduciary capacity or in riskless principal trades and activities of an insurance company for its general or separate account.
Clarifying exclusions: The final rules clarify which activities are not considered proprietary trading, provided certain requirements are met, including trading solely as an agent, broker, or custodian; through a deferred compensation or similar plan; to satisfy a debt previously contracted; under certain repurchase and securities lending agreements; for liquidity management in accordance with a documented liquidity plan; in connection with certain clearing activities; or to satisfy certain existing legal obligations.
Covered Fund Prohibitions – The final rules prohibit banking entities from owning and sponsoring hedge funds and private equity funds, referred to as “covered funds.” Under the final rules, the definition of covered funds encompasses any issuer that would be an investment company under the Investment Company Act if it were not otherwise excluded by two provisions of that Act, section 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7). The final rules also include in the definition of covered funds certain foreign funds and commodity pools, but defined in a more limited manner than under the proposed rule.
Exclusions: The final rules exclude from the definition of covered fund certain entities with more general corporate purposes such as wholly-owned subsidiaries, joint ventures, and acquisition vehicles, as well as SEC-registered investment companies and business development companies. Other exclusions apply to certain foreign funds publicly offered abroad, loan securitizations, insurance company separate accounts and public welfare investments.
Permitted activities: As provided by the Dodd-Frank Act, the final rules permit a banking entity, subject to appropriate conditions, to invest in or sponsor a covered fund in connection with: organizing and offering the covered fund; underwriting or market making-related activities; certain types of risk-mitigating hedging activities; activities that occur solely outside of the United States and insurance company activities.
Clarifying Exclusions: The final rules clarify that, provided certain requirements are met, a banking entity is not engaging in prohibited covered fund activities or investments when it acts on behalf of customers as an agent, broker, custodian, or trustee or similar fiduciary capacity; through a deferred compensation or similar plan; or in the ordinary course of collecting a debt previously contracted.
Compliance Requirements – The final rules provide compliance requirements that vary based on the size of the banking entity and the amount of activities conducted, reducing the burden on smaller, less complex entities. Banking entities that do not engage in activities covered by the final rules would have no compliance program requirements.
Compliance program: The final rules generally would require banking entities to establish an internal compliance program reasonably designed to ensure and monitor compliance with the final rules. Larger banking entities would have to establish a more detailed compliance program, including a required CEO attestation; smaller entities engaged in modest activities would be subject to a simplified compliance regime. Banking entities that do not engage in any activity subject to the final rules, other than trading in exempt government and municipal obligations, are not required to establish a compliance program.
Documentation: The final rules require the banking entities to maintain documentation so that the agencies can monitor their activities for instances of evasion.
Metrics reporting: The final rules require banking entities with significant trading operations to report certain quantitative measurements designed to monitor certain trading activities. The reporting requirements would be phased in based on the type and size of the firm’s trading activities.
Timing and Implementation
The final rules become effective April 1, 2014. The Federal Reserve Board has extended the conformance period until July 21, 2015. Beginning June 30, 2014, banking entities with $50 billion or more in consolidated trading assets and liabilities will be required to report quantitative measurements. Banking entities with at least $25 billion, but less than $50 billion, in consolidated trading assets and liabilities will become subject to this requirement on April 30, 2016. Those with at least $10 billion, but less than $25 billion, in consolidated trading assets and liabilities will become subject to the requirement on Dec. 31, 2016. The agencies will review the data collected prior to Sept. 30, 2015, and revise the collection requirement as appropriate.